Meghalaya is bounded by the Brahmaputra valley of Assam in the North and Northwest and Cachar area of Assam in the East; the Surma valley (Bangladesh) borders in the South and partly in the Southwest. Meghalaya has about 443 Kms. of international border with Bangladesh. The capital of Meghalaya, Shillong was also undivided Assam’s capital from 1874 till January 1972. Shillong is located at an altitude of 1496 mt above mean sea level.

The boundaries of the state is demarcated by the Goalpara and Kamrup districts of Assam in the north, the south western part of the district of Goalpara and a part of Rangpur district of Bangladesh in the west, the Mymensingh and Sylhet districts of Bangladesh in the south and the north Cachar and Karbi Anglong districts of Assam in the east. The total geographical area of the state is approximately 22,429 sq. km and consists of primarily steep hills and deep gorges with very limited areas covering valleys and plains land.